The blend (20 wt% HDPE and 80 wt% VGO) has been hydrocracked in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor under the following conditions: 400–440 ☌ 80 H2 bar catalyst to feed (C/F) weight ratio, 0.05–0.1 gcat gfeed⁻¹ reaction time, 15–120 min and stirring rate, 1300 rpm. The calculated activation energies agree that gas fraction is only formed by residue conversion, and reactions are mainly carried out in series rather than in parallel under the studied conditions.Ī six lump-based kinetic model has been developed for the hydrocracking of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blended with vacuum gas oil (VGO) over a PtPd/HY zeolite catalyst. The lowest energy demanding reactions for the hydrocracking of residue, vacuum gasoil, and distillates are in series as reported by almost all kinetic models. The approaches used to calculate the kinetic parameters do not ensure reaching the global minimum of the objective function to determine their optimal values. Most of the kinetic models are based on the lumping approach and assume a first-order of reaction. In this work, all the kinetic models reported so far for the in-situ and ex-situ upgrading of heavy crude oil or residue using nanocatalyst and hydrogen are discussed. However, there is not much information on the kinetic of the reactions occurring during this process. In-situ processing has been suggested as an alternative for upgrading heavy oils and bitumen directly in the reservoir.
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